"Responsible Encryption" - what does that mean?

This weekend I read this excellent article by Alex Gaynor responding to Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein's remarks on encryption to two different audiences last week. Please do go and read it when you get a chance, as it delves into the sadly common tactic of pointing to a bunch of scary criminal incidents, then saying "unbreakable encryption enables criminals and terrorists", without presenting any evidence that those crimes were enabled by encryption technology, or that law enforcement officers were actually hampered in their investigations by encryption.

In fact, in the case of the FBI, Apple, and the San Bernardino shooter, AG Rosenstein repeats all of the same false narrative that we've been presented with before - that the shooter's phone possibly contained vital information, that Apple "could" decrypt the information, and that they fought the FBI's legal attempts to force them to do so. Read my previous blog post (linked above) for background on that line of argument, and how the FBI willfully twists the facts of the case, to try to get something much more far-reaching than what they claim to want.

One thing not addressed directly in Alex's article is the frustration that the FBI and other law enforcement  officials have expressed over the inability to execute a legal search warrant, when they're faced with a locked phone, or a communications system that provides end-to-end encryption.

From Rosenstein's remarks to the Global Security Conference

We use the term “responsible encryption” to describe platforms that allow police to access data when a judge determines that compelling law enforcement concerns outweigh the privacy interests of a particular user.  In contrast, warrant-proof encryption places zero value on law enforcement.  Evidence remains unavailable to the police, no matter how great the harm to victims.

First, what a bunch of emotionally-charged words. And again we see the disconnect between what the FBI and other agencies say that they want (a way to unlock individual phones), and what they seem to keep asking for (a key to unlock any phone they can get their hands on).

But the man does have a point - there is some value to society in the FBI being able to execute a valid search warrant against someone's phone, or to "tap" the communications between known criminals. And I think he's also right that that sort of access is not going to be provided if the free market is allowed to set the rules. It'll never be in Apple's or any individual customer's interest to make it easier to access a locked phone. So, it'll come down to a matter of legislation, and I think it's worth the tech folks having this conversation before Congress sits down with a bill authored by the FBI and the NSA to try to force something on us.

The encryption-in-flight question is very complicated (and crypto protocols are hard to get right - see the recent KRACK security vulnerabilities), so I'll leave that for a future post. I do believe that there are reasonable ways for tech companies to design data-at-rest encryption that is accessible via a court order, but maintains reasonably-good security for customers. Here's a sketch of how one such idea might be implemented:

On-device Key Escrow

Key escrow 
The basic idea of key escrow is that there can be two keys for a particular piece of encrypted data - one key that the user keeps, and one that is kept "in escrow" so another authorized agent can access the data, if necessary. The ill-fated Clipper Chip was an example of such a system. The fatal flaw of Clipper (well, one of them) is that it envisioned every single protected device would have its secondary key  held securely by the government to be used in case of a search warrant being issued. If Clipper had ever seen broad adoption, the value of that centralized key store would have been enormous, both economically and militarily. We're talking a significant fraction of the US GDP, probably trillions of dollars. That would have made it the #1 target of thieves and spies across the world.

Eliminating central key storage
But the FBI really doesn't need the ability to decrypt every phone out there. They need the ability to decrypt specific phones, in response to a valid search warrant. So, how about storing the second key on the device itself? Every current on-device encryption solution that I know of provides for the option of multiple keys. And in fact, briefly getting back to the San Bernardino shooter's phone, if the owners of that phone (San Bernardino County) had had a competent IT department, they would have set up a second key that they could then have handed over to the FBI, neatly avoiding that whole mess with suing Apple.

You could imagine Apple generating a separate "law enforcement" key for every phone, and storing that somewhere, but that has all the same problems as the Clipper central key repository, just on a slightly smaller scale. So those keys need to stored separately. How about storing them on the device itself?

Use secure storage
Not every phone has a "secure enclave" processor like the iPhone, but it's a feature that you'll increasingly see on newer phones, as Apple and other manufacturers try to compete on the basis of providing better privacy protection to their customers. The important feature of these processors is that they don't allow software running on the phone to extract the stored keys. This is what keeps the user's data secure from hackers. So, if the key is stored in there, but the phone software can't get it out, how will the FBI get the key?

Require physical access
My preferred solution would be for the secure enclave to have a physically-disconnected set of pins that can be used just for extracting the second key. In order to extract the key, you'd need to have physical access to the device, disassemble it, and solder some wires on it. This is, I think, sufficiently annoying that nobody would try to do it without getting a warrant first.

It also means that nobody can search your phone without taking it out of your possession for a good long while. This seems like a reasonable trade-off to me. If someone executes a search warrant on your house, you'll certainly know about it. There's such a thing as "sneak and peek" warrants, or delayed-notice warrants, where police sneak in and search your home while you're not there, but I'm not particularly interested in solving that problem for them.

Conclusion
Is this a perfect solution? Of course not. But I think something like this is a reasonable place to start when discussing law enforcement access to personal electronics. And I think we want to have this conversation sooner, rather than later. What do you think?

The "Just Smart Enough" House

Less Architectural Digest, more "This is our home"

We've been doing some remodeling on our house, and the overarching theme of the renovations has been "make this house convenient for real humans to live in". When we bought the house, it was "perfect" in one sense - the house is broken up into two sections, with a central courtyard between, and we were looking for a place where my Father-in-law could come live with us, and still have some space to himself and some privacy.

In many other respects, it was a wildly-impractical house. There's a sad story there, of a couple who fall into and out of love during a remodel, of a mother who overruled the architect in a few critical ways, of a home that was left unfinished when the couple living there split up, and of a house split (illegally) into two units to try to keep it, by supplementing income via renting out the back. 

The end result was a house that certainly looks "fancy", in that it's got a Great Room with a wall entirely filled up by windows and sliding doors, a big fireplace faced in Travertine, and a ridiculous number of doors to the outside, for that "indoor/outdoor living" feeling. Seriously, there are 11 doors to the outside, not including the garage door. Other than being slightly unfinished, it could totally have been a house featured in Architectural Digest.

But when you're living there, you start to notice some of the compromises. I don't think I've ever lived in a house that didn't have a coat closet before. Or a broom closet. Or a linen closet.  Hence the remodel, the first part of which was just turning the illegal 2nd unit into a more-reasonable bedroom suite for Bob, and adding some damn storage.

We added a bunch more storage into the Great Room, and that meant adding new electrical circuits for new under-cabinet and in-cabinet lighting. And because I'm a total nerd, that meant researching Smart Switches to control all of the new lighting (and ideally move some of the more-inconvenient switches to a better location).

Who do you trust?

I pretty quickly settled on getting my smart switches from an electrical equipment manufacturer, rather than some startup "home automation" company. I really, really don't want my house to burn down, and while I have no reason to think that the quality of the zillions of Wi-Fi enabled switches on Amazon.com is anything but excellent, I felt more-comfortable going with a company that has a hundred years or so of experience with not burning people's houses down.

Lutron vs Leviton

(that really sounds like a super-hero movie, doesn't it?)

Lutron and Leviton are two of the largest electrical fixture manufacturers, and choosing between one or the other when buying a regular switch or receptacle is mostly just a matter of which brand your local hardware store carries, and whether or not you want to save $0.25 by buying the store brand.

In the "Home Automation" arena, they each have a variety of solutions, ranging from giant panel-based systems that you're expected to put in a closet somewhere and have installed by a "trained integrator", to simpler systems which are aimed at the DIY market.

You can go all-in, or you can just put a toe in

It didn't take long for me to decide that the fancier integrated systems were not really what I wanted. First off, they're fairly expensive, though the expense looks a little less extreme once you start comparing the per-switch cost of the smart switches vs the centralized version. But ultimately, I didn't really want to deal with a "system integrator" setting the thing up (though apparently it's very easy to get certified by Lutron if you're a licensed electrician, which I'm not). Also, nobody had anything good to say about the phone apps that were available for these systems. And finally, the high-end systems are all about providing a touch pad interface, to give your home that proper Jetsons look. I have no interest in having touch screens mounted on the wall in every room, so that was more of a downside for me, than an attraction. The stand-alone switches from either vendor look more-or-less like standard Decora-style dimmers.

In the consumer-focused lines, there are some interesting differences between the two companies. Leviton's consumer products are mostly compatible with the Z-Wave standard, which means they work with third-party smart home hubs. The reviews online for the Smart Things and Wink hubs weren't particularly encouraging to me, so that was a bit of a bummer.

The Lutron stuff uses a proprietary wireless protocol, and they sell their own hub. The Caseta hub (Lutron's hub) seemed to actually get pretty good reviews. It isn't as capable as the Smart Things hub but, and this was pretty critical for me - it does connect to HomeKit, Apple's home automation system (it also works with Amazon's Alexa and the Google Home device). So, we went with the Lutron Caseta stuff, because it's easy to use, looks reasonable in our house and is available at both Home Depot and Lowes, as well as the local electrical supply store.

Hardware from the hardware store, software from a software company

The connection to HomeKit means that even though the Caseta hub isn't as full-featured as some of the other smart home hubs, I don't really need to care. We're pretty much an all-Apple shop here at Casa de Bessey, so knowing that I could control all of the things attached to the Caseta hub from my phone, using Apple's Home app, is a pretty big draw for me. 

I know it's the 21st century, and everybody needs to have an App, but that doesn't mean every application is equally well-made. If there's a feature that I really "need", and it's not available in the standard software that comes with the Caseta, I could (at least in theory) set up an Apple TV or an iPad as an always-on HomeKit hub, and write my own damn software to run on it.

HomeKit will likely continue to gain new features over the years, so I may never need to do anything custom. But if I do, it's nice to know that I can work with familiar tools and environment, rather than struggling with some obscure system provided by the switch manufacturer.

The Caseta Wireless experience

We're a couple of months into using the Caseta hardware, and here's how it's been going so far.

The Good

Dimmers everywhere
One thing I hadn't really thought about before doing this work is that the dimmer-switch version of the Caseta switches is almost the same price as the plain switch version. We were in the process of gradually replacing our CFL bulbs with LED bulbs anyway, so we've gone with dimmer switches basically everywhere. The added flexibility of being able to set the brightness of any particular light is a nice upgrade.

The basics are all there
All of the fancy features in the world wouldn't be helpful if the basic features weren't there. The switches feel nice, they look nice, and they're easy to install. The software makes it easy to set up "scenes" where you can hit a single button, and set the brightness level of any sub-set of lights in the house.

HomeKit/Siri integration

It just works. There really is something magical about being able to say "Siri, turn out all the lights", and have the entire house go dark. Or indeed saying "Siri, turn out the light in Jeremy's Room" to my watch, and having that work on the first try.

Easy to setup and use

You basically plug in the hub, press a button to pair it with the app on your phone, and then start adding devices. The switches are direct replacements for your existing switches, so installing them is basically:

1. Turn off the power
2. Remove the old switch
3. Wire the new switch/dimmer in
4. Turn the power back on

The only slightly-complex cases are when you're replacing a three-way switch. The Caseta solution for 3-way (or more) situations is to install the switch at one end, then just install battery-powered remotes at any other location you need to control that light from. When you take out the 3-way, you do need to connect the "traveller" wires together, but they provide instructions online to show you how to do that.

You do have to add each individual switch to the app one at a time, which could get tedious in a large installation. It sure made things easy for the electricians, though - they just had to wire things up, without keeping track of which switch went in which room, since I would set all that up later after they left. From talking to them, I got the impression that the usual install of the higher-end stuff does involve writing down a bunch of "this circuit is on switch #12345" notes, then going back and fixing things later when setting up the controller.

Reliable

Unless the WiFi in the house is down, I haven't had any problems connecting to the hub, either from the Lutron app (when adding new hardware) or from Apple's Home App. Because the individual switches all have controls on them, even in the case of catastrophic failure, you can still walk around and turn off everything "by hand". That's another point in favor of the non-centralized system, I guess.

Supports "enough" devices for my house

One of the big differences between the Caseta stuff and Lutron's next higher tier (Radio RA2), is the number of "devices" they support. Every switch, every dimmer, and every remote control is a "device" for these counts. Caseta only supports 50 devices. I haven't come anywhere close to the limit yet, but we haven't replaced every last switch in the house yet, either. I think we'll be over 40 once all of the switches I care about have been replaced. Our house is close to 2,000 square feet, so if your house is smaller than that, I doubt the limit will ever matter much. And here's where the connection to HomeKit also helps - if we ever do hit the device limit, I can buy another Caseta hub for $75, and have another 50 devices.

The Bad

Range and range extenders

The Caseta documentation says that every controlled device needs to be within 30 feet of the hub. In practice, the maximum reach is just a bit longer than that in our house, but not very much farther. You can extend the range of the system, by using a plug-in dimmer as a repeater. You can have exactly one repeater, which is another limitation compared to the higher-end systems, which support multiple repeaters. But again - if I ever did run into this in practice, I'd probably just get another hub, and have one for each end of the house, since the hubs really aren't all that expensive.

Pricing structure

Honestly, the way that Lutron prices this stuff makes almost no sense at all. You can buy various "kits" with a hub, a dimmer and a remote, or a hub and a few dimmers and remotes, or a hub and some plug-in dimmers. The individual kit components cost more separately, which is no surprise, but some of the prices are weirdly inverted - it costs more to buy just a dimmer than it does to buy the dimmer, a remote, and all of the trim hardware. I assume anybody who makes extensive use of this product line eventually ends up with a box full of unused remotes, but that's just slightly wasteful, not an actual problem.

Trigger configuration is very basic

The "smart" hub isn't very smart. You can bind particular remotes to particular switches, set up scenes, and do some very basic automation. A recent software update improved some of this so that you can now do some more scheduling.

But take, for example, the "arriving home" automation. I can set up a scene to activate when I arrive home. That's nice, but I can't actually set up a scene to activate when I'm the first one home, or the last to leave. HomeKit supports this, so that might be the thing that gets me to finally set up an Apple TV as a HomeKit hub. Or maybe I'll wait for the HomePod...

The Unknown

Security

I haven't done a basic security audit on the Caseta hub, yet. That'll make a fun weekend project. The online component of the hub is protected by a user name and password, at least. And if I do get totally paranoid, I can always disconnect the hub from the internet, and route everything through an iOS HomeKit hub, which is likely to be more-secure.

Longevity

What happens if Lutron decides to end-of-life the Caseta line? Will I still be able to get replacement parts, or a new hub if the old one breaks? For that matter, what if Apple stops supporting HomeKit, or removes the Lutron app from the App Store?

This is the problem with going with the proprietary solution. I am somewhat dependent on both Lutron and Apple staying in this business, and getting along with each other. The hub is basically unusable without the app, so that's definitely a concern. I suspect if Lutron found themselves in a situation where they could no longer provide the iOS app, they'd be motivated to provide another solution, or at the very least, a migration strategy to one of their other control hubs.

At the absolute worst-case scenario, the Caseta switches and the remote controls can be set up and paired to operate completely independently of the hub. I'd lose all of the "smart" features, but at least I'd still have working light switches.

Conclusions

Overall, this was a really great way to get my feet wet with "smartening up" my home. The increased control over the lights in the house is convenient, and actually helps make the house more livable. The potential downsides are limited by the design of the Caseta system, which gracefully falls back to  "no worse than just having old light switches", something which is not necessarily true of other connected home devices, like thermostats, which can have terrible failure modes.

If you're interested in adding some smarts to your home, I can definitely recommend the Caseta products. They're easy to set up and use, and have been very reliable for us so far.